Understanding dependent arising.
Your notion of what constitutes the fundamental ignorance at the root of cyclic existence depends on your view of reality. In the case of Nagurjuna, his final position appears in the Seventy Stanzas on Emptiness, where he writes that while phenomena arise from causes and conditions, ignorance grasps at phenomena as possessing final existence. Ignorance is a mental state that conceives of dependently originating phenomena as having a final reality of their own. To make this clearer, Aryadeva’s Four Hundred teaches that just as the sense of touch pervades the body, including the other sense faculties, delusion (ignorance) permeates all the afflictions. – From Here to Enlightenment, The Dalai Lama
Therefore I should wish our courtier to bolster up his inherent worth with skill and cunning, and ensure that whenever he has to go where he is a stranger, he is preceded by a good reputation. . . For the fame which appears to rest on the opinions of many fosters a certain unshakeable belief in a man’s worth which is then easily strengthened in minds already thus disposed and prepared. – Baldassare Castiglione, 1478 – 1529